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The Middle Passage - A Slave Ship Speaks: The Wreck of the Henrietta Marie. Mel 4u Fisher Maritime Heritage Society and Museum in Key West, Florida Www Lovelytits4u Szh UserFiles May Php P 4163 Sex Slave Sexy Slaves Erotic Nekid Eroticworld Lovely Tits 4u

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 Copper Cook Stove from the Henrietta Marie.
Although some European foods were acceptable, experience taught slave traders that Africans did better when they were fed foods that they were accustomed to eating. The Henrietta Marie may have stopped for yams, as they were thought to be the most suitable food for people from the Calabar region. Some 50,000 yams would have been necessary to feed the 200 slaves aboard the Henrietta Marie, and it would have taken about one week to fully provision her for the voyage. Africans were usually fed twice daily. Two cook stoves were found aboard the Henrietta Marie, one large one which was probably used to feed sailors and slaves, and this smaller one, possibly used in the officer's quarters.**

Disease

Slaves captured or purchased in the African interior were often held in confinement for months before they finally arrived at the coast. Some of these people had been wounded in battles, and others were exposed to smallpox, yellow fever, and other deadly diseases.

 Captives waiting to be traded as slaves to Europeans.***

The European sailors often caught these ailments. John Taylor, the captain of the Henrietta Marie's second voyage, was not spared the threat of disease and was ill or dying before the ship left Africa.

Slave baracoons, burial ground.****

The mortality rate during the Middle Passage was high for slaves and crew alike, averaging between 13 and 33 percent. The likelihood of contagion, however was strongest for the Africans.

 Africans forced to dance for exercise.
Often slaves were permitted on deck in small groups for brief periods, where crew would encourage and many time force captives to dance for exercise. On ships carrying larger loads of enslaved Africans, it was not likely that all individuals would be permitted on deck, and the physician would usually select those most in need of open-air exercise. The lack of exercise and continuous motion of the ship contributed greatly to gangrene, abrasions and sores that plagued the captives..*****

Common hazards of the voyage, stemming from no other source than poor diet and close confinement, included scurvy and gangrene. Dehydration, caused by lack of drinking water and high loss of bodily fluids from fevers or dysentery, was a primary killer aboard the slaving vessels.

Symptoms included melancholy and a loss of appetite but were not understood by early ship's physicians, and often went untreated until too late. In Addition, contaminated water supplies produced a variety of gastrointestinal disorders which increased fatalities.

 Stowage of British Slave ship Brookes under the Regulated Slave Trade.******

Conditions Aboard the Ship

Africans were confined below deck in cargo holds where they were chained together on two tiers of shelves with little or no room for adults to stand in. Many cargo holds had less than 18" between the shelves. Male slaves were generally held captive with the right foot of one shackled to the left foot of another. Women were not normally chained and children were usually allowed to run free on the ship. On some ships, the captain might allow some of the men to be released from their chains if they did not appear to pose a threat to the crew keeping watch on them.

Iron Shackles from the Henrietta Marie.*******

In addition to the physical discomforts of the Middle Passage, the enslaved Africans were under great emotional distress from being torn from their homeland and families.

31" Cutlass from the Henrietta Marie. ********

Rebellion at Sea!

Slave ships carried extra crew members for the purpose of containing slaves during the Middle Passage. The crew members were armed whenever slaves were on deck, and ready to subdue resistance by any means necessary. Nevertheless, mutinies occurred regularly, usually resulting in the severe punishment of the African slaves.

Joseph Cinque, Leader of the Amisted Revolt c 1840*******

Remarkably, there are notable examples of successful mutinies by Africans. The most famous of these took place in the Caribbean, when Joseph Cinque, an African of high rank led his countrymen to overthrow the crew of the Amistad. Cinque insisted that the crew take them back to Africa, but the sailors managed to steer north as well as east, finally landing on the shores of Long Island. There the Africans met abolitionists who helped them fight for freedom in a landmark case that went all the way to the supreme court.

*Artist: Francis Meynell, Courtesy of the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England
**Artist: David D. Moore
***Courtesy of the Granger Collection
****Courtesy of Northwind Archives
*****Courtesy of Mansell Collection
******Courtesy of the Library of Congress
*******Artist: Frank Besse
********Artist: Robert Cummings
*********Artist: Nathaniel Jocelyn, Courtesy of the New Haven Historical Society
**********Artist: Mme H. Townsend, Courtesy of the Bieneke Library

HISTORY     Overview
    Slavery
    London: The Port and its Commerce
    The Ship
    Africa
    The Middle Passage
    The West Indies
    Fighting Slavery
    Archaeology and Conservation

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